Stigma linked to darker skin tone, the primary aspect of colorism, has been documented globally (4), and was prominent from the time of slavery onwards in the US (7). These differences were theorized to be due to colorism, a byproduct of racism, defined as “the discriminatory treatment of individuals falling within the same “racial” group on the basis of skin color”, p. Historically, intra-racial/ethnic (within-group) disparities associated with differences in skin color, also known as skin tone stratification, were studied as another important dimension of inequality. Recent studies demonstrate that marked disparities between Whites and African-Americans continue to exist and are theorized to be due at least partially to the historical and current pervasiveness of racism and discrimination. Special focus in the United States has been placed on inter-racial/ethnic (out-group) comparisons between American Whites and Blacks (or African-Americans). Disparities in the health, well-being, and socioeconomic status (SES) of racial/ethnic groups has been a noteworthy area of research globally for decades.
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